Peptic ulcers are painful sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or oesophagus due to the weakening or damage of the protective mucus layer, allowing stomach acid to erode the underlying tissues. While peptic ulcers can be uncomfortable and potentially serious if untreated, recognizing their causes, symptoms, and seeking appropriate treatment is crucial for effective management and prevention of complications.

Causes of Peptic Ulcers

Peptic ulcers primarily result from:

• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: This bacterium infects the stomach lining, weakening the protective mucus.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Regular use of medications like aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen can irritate the stomach lining.
• Excessive stomach acid production: Factors such as excessive alcohol consumption or smoking can increase stomach acid levels, predisposing individuals to ulcers.

Symptoms of Peptic Ulcers

Common symptoms of peptic ulcers include:

• Burning stomach pain: Typically felt between the navel and breastbone, worsened on an empty stomach, and relieved by eating or antacids.
• Indigestion: Discomfort or bloating, especially when the stomach is empty.
• Nausea and vomiting: Particularly if the ulcer is located in the stomach.
• Feeling full quickly: Sudden sensation of fullness shortly after consuming a small amount of food.
• Dark, tarry stools: Indicative of bleeding in the stomach.

Diagnosis:

• Endoscopy: A procedure using a flexible tube with a camera to view the digestive tract and obtain tissue samples.
• H. pylori test: Blood, stool, or breath tests to detect the presence of H. pylori bacteria.
• Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series: X-rays after consuming a contrast liquid to examine the oesophagus, stomach, and small intestine.

Treatment Options:

Treatment goals include alleviating symptoms, promoting ulcer healing, and preventing complications. Treatment options depend on the cause and may include:

• Antibiotics: To eradicate H. pylori infection.
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): Medications that reduce stomach acid production to aid in healing.
• Antacids and H2-receptor antagonists: To neutralize or decrease stomach acid.
• Avoiding NSAIDs: Using alternative pain relievers if possible.
• Lifestyle changes: Quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, and managing stress.

Complications

Untreated peptic ulcers may lead to:

• Bleeding: Ulcers can cause significant bleeding, necessitating blood transfusions.
• Perforation: A hole in the stomach or intestine, requiring emergency surgery.
• Obstruction: Swelling or scarring that obstructs food passage through the digestive tract.

Prevention

To reduce peptic ulcer risk:

• Use NSAIDs cautiously: Take with food or consider acetaminophen.
• Limit alcohol and quit smoking: Both can irritate the stomach lining.
• Practice good hygiene: Thorough handwashing to reduce H. pylori transmission.
• Manage stress: Though not a direct cause, stress can exacerbate symptoms.

Peptic ulcers are manageable with prompt medical attention and lifestyle adjustments. Recognizing symptoms and seeking timely treatment can mitigate complications. If persistent stomach pain or related symptoms arise, consulting a healthcare provider for evaluation and personalized management is essential. Prioritizing digestive health through proactive measures ensures long-term comfort and well-being.